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line-height : The Line Height Property

Summary

The line-height property sets the vertical spacing between lines of text in PDF documents. It controls the leading (space between baselines of consecutive lines) and significantly affects readability. Line-height can be specified as an absolute unit, a unitless multiplier, or a relative unit (em units).

Usage

/* Unitless (multiplier of font-size) */
line-height: 1.5;
line-height: 2;

/* Absolute units */
line-height: 20pt;
line-height: 24px;
line-height: 1.5em;

/* Relative to font-size */
line-height: 150%;

/* Within style attribute */
<p style="line-height: 1.5">Text with comfortable line spacing</p>

Values

Unitless Numbers

  • Number - Multiplier of the element’s font-size: 1.5, 2.0
  • Calculated as: line-height = font-size × number
  • Example: font-size: 12pt; line-height: 1.5 results in 18pt line height
  • Converted to em units internally for processing

Absolute Units

  • pt (points) - Points: 20pt, 24pt
  • px (pixels) - Pixels: 24px, 30px
  • in (inches) - Inches: 0.25in
  • cm (centimeters) - Centimeters: 0.5cm
  • mm (millimeters) - Millimeters: 5mm

Relative Units

  • em - Relative to element’s font-size: 1.5em, 2em
  • rem - Relative to root font-size: 1.5rem
  • % (percentage) - Percentage of font-size: 150%, 200%

Expression Support

  • calc() - Calculate line height: calc(12pt + 4pt)
  • var() - Use CSS variables: var(--line-spacing)

Notes

  • Default line-height varies but is typically around 1.2 times the font-size
  • Unitless values (numbers) are the recommended approach as they scale proportionally
  • Unitless numbers are converted to em units internally (e.g., 1.5 becomes 1.5em)
  • Line-height affects the total vertical space occupied by text blocks
  • Larger line-height values improve readability but increase document length
  • Smaller line-height values create denser text but may reduce readability
  • For body text, values between 1.4 and 1.8 are typically most readable
  • Line-height is inherited by child elements
  • In PDF generation, proper line-height is crucial for professional appearance
  • The line-height property sets the TextLeading style internally

Data Binding

CSS properties support dynamic values through Scryber’s Handlebars-style data binding syntax using `` in inline styles. This enables line-height to be determined dynamically based on model data, readability preferences, or document requirements.

Binding Syntax

Data binding expressions are enclosed in double curly braces `` and can reference:

  • Model properties: ``
  • Nested data: ``
  • Conditional expressions: ``

Data Binding Examples

<!-- Dynamic line height from model -->
<p style="line-height: ">
    Text with user-defined line spacing
</p>

<!-- Conditional spacing based on content type -->
<div style="line-height: ">
    
</div>

<!-- Adaptive spacing for readability -->
<body>
    <!-- Line height based on font size -->
    <p style="font-size: pt; line-height: ">
        Content with proportional line spacing
    </p>

    <!-- Different spacing for different sections -->
    <article style="line-height: ">
        <h1 style="line-height: ">
            
        </h1>
        <p><h1 id="letter-spacing--letter-spacing-property">letter-spacing : Letter Spacing Property</h1>

<p>The <code class="language-plaintext highlighter-rouge">letter-spacing</code> property controls the horizontal spacing between characters (letters) in text. This property is useful for adjusting text appearance, creating emphasis, and improving readability in PDF documents.</p>

<h2 id="usage">Usage</h2>

<div class="language-css highlighter-rouge"><div class="highlight"><pre class="highlight"><code><span class="c">/* Length values */</span>
<span class="nt">letter-spacing</span><span class="o">:</span> <span class="err">0</span><span class="o">;</span>
<span class="nt">letter-spacing</span><span class="o">:</span> <span class="err">0</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="err">5</span><span class="nt">pt</span><span class="o">;</span>
<span class="nt">letter-spacing</span><span class="o">:</span> <span class="err">1</span><span class="nt">px</span><span class="o">;</span>
<span class="nt">letter-spacing</span><span class="o">:</span> <span class="err">0</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="err">05</span><span class="nt">em</span><span class="o">;</span>

<span class="c">/* Keyword value */</span>
<span class="nt">letter-spacing</span><span class="o">:</span> <span class="nt">normal</span><span class="o">;</span>

<span class="c">/* Negative values */</span>
<span class="nt">letter-spacing</span><span class="o">:</span> <span class="nt">-0</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="err">5</span><span class="nt">pt</span><span class="o">;</span>
</code></pre></div></div>

<hr />

<h2 id="values">Values</h2>

<h3 id="length-units">Length Units</h3>

<ul>
  <li><strong>pt (points)</strong> - Points: <code class="language-plaintext highlighter-rouge">1pt</code>, <code class="language-plaintext highlighter-rouge">2pt</code>, <code class="language-plaintext highlighter-rouge">0.5pt</code></li>
  <li><strong>px (pixels)</strong> - Pixels: <code class="language-plaintext highlighter-rouge">1px</code>, <code class="language-plaintext highlighter-rouge">2px</code>, <code class="language-plaintext highlighter-rouge">0.5px</code></li>
  <li><strong>em</strong> - Relative to font size: <code class="language-plaintext highlighter-rouge">0.1em</code>, <code class="language-plaintext highlighter-rouge">0.05em</code></li>
  <li><strong>rem</strong> - Relative to root font size: <code class="language-plaintext highlighter-rouge">0.1rem</code></li>
  <li><strong>in, cm, mm</strong> - Absolute units: <code class="language-plaintext highlighter-rouge">0.01in</code>, <code class="language-plaintext highlighter-rouge">0.1mm</code></li>
</ul>

<h3 id="keyword-values">Keyword Values</h3>

<ul>
  <li><strong>normal</strong> - Default spacing (equivalent to 0)</li>
</ul>

<h3 id="negative-values">Negative Values</h3>

<ul>
  <li>Negative values are allowed and will decrease spacing between characters</li>
  <li>Use cautiously as excessive negative spacing can make text unreadable</li>
</ul>

<h3 id="default-value">Default Value</h3>

<ul>
  <li><strong>normal</strong> - No additional spacing (0)</li>
</ul>

<hr />

<h2 id="notes">Notes</h2>

<ul>
  <li>Letter spacing adds or removes space between each character</li>
  <li>Positive values increase spacing, negative values decrease spacing</li>
  <li>The spacing is applied in addition to the default character spacing</li>
  <li>Very large positive values can make text difficult to read</li>
  <li>Small positive values (0.5pt-2pt) can improve readability of uppercase text</li>
  <li>Commonly used for headings, logos, and emphasis</li>
  <li>Relative units (em, rem) scale with font size</li>
  <li>Affects all characters including spaces</li>
  <li>Does not affect word boundaries (use word-spacing for that)</li>
</ul>

<hr />

<h2 id="data-binding">Data Binding</h2>

<p>The <code class="language-plaintext highlighter-rouge">letter-spacing</code> property can be dynamically controlled through data binding, allowing character spacing to be adjusted based on design preferences, accessibility requirements, or document types.</p>

<h3 id="example-1-user-accessibility-preferences">Example 1: User Accessibility Preferences</h3>

<div class="language-html highlighter-rouge"><div class="highlight"><pre class="highlight"><code><span class="nt">&lt;p</span> <span class="na">style=</span><span class="s">"letter-spacing: ; font-size: 12pt"</span><span class="nt">&gt;</span>
    
<span class="nt">&lt;/p&gt;</span>

<span class="c">&lt;!-- Data model example:
{
    "accessibility": {
        "letterSpacing": "1pt"  // User preference for improved readability
    },
    "content": "This text spacing improves readability for some users."
}
--&gt;</span>
</code></pre></div></div>

<h3 id="example-2-content-type-based-spacing">Example 2: Content Type-Based Spacing</h3>

<div class="language-html highlighter-rouge"><div class="highlight"><pre class="highlight"><code><span class="nt">&lt;h1</span> <span class="na">style=</span><span class="s">"letter-spacing: ; font-size: ; text-transform: uppercase"</span><span class="nt">&gt;</span>
    
<span class="nt">&lt;/h1&gt;</span>

<span class="c">&lt;!-- Data model for logo/branding:
{
    "heading": {
        "text": "ANNUAL REPORT",
        "spacing": "3pt",
        "size": "24pt"
    }
}
--&gt;</span>

<span class="c">&lt;!-- Data model for regular heading:
{
    "heading": {
        "text": "Section Overview",
        "spacing": "normal",
        "size": "18pt"
    }
}
--&gt;</span>
</code></pre></div></div>

<h3 id="example-3-dynamic-emphasis-levels">Example 3: Dynamic Emphasis Levels</h3>

<div class="language-html highlighter-rouge"><div class="highlight"><pre class="highlight"><code><span class="nt">&lt;div</span> <span class="na">style=</span><span class="s">"letter-spacing: ; font-size: 14pt; text-transform: uppercase"</span><span class="nt">&gt;</span>
    
<span class="nt">&lt;/div&gt;</span>

<span class="c">&lt;!-- Data model example:
{
    "emphasis": {
        "text": "IMPORTANT NOTICE",
        "spacing": "5pt"  // Higher spacing for maximum emphasis
    }
}
--&gt;</span>
</code></pre></div></div>

<hr />

<h2 id="examples">Examples</h2>

<h3 id="example-1-spaced-out-heading">Example 1: Spaced Out Heading</h3>

<div class="language-html highlighter-rouge"><div class="highlight"><pre class="highlight"><code><span class="nt">&lt;h1</span> <span class="na">style=</span><span class="s">"letter-spacing: 3pt; font-size: 24pt; text-transform: uppercase"</span><span class="nt">&gt;</span>
    ANNUAL REPORT
<span class="nt">&lt;/h1&gt;</span>
</code></pre></div></div>

<h3 id="example-2-normal-letter-spacing">Example 2: Normal Letter Spacing</h3>

<div class="language-html highlighter-rouge"><div class="highlight"><pre class="highlight"><code><span class="nt">&lt;p</span> <span class="na">style=</span><span class="s">"letter-spacing: normal; font-size: 12pt"</span><span class="nt">&gt;</span>
    This paragraph uses normal letter spacing for standard readability.
<span class="nt">&lt;/p&gt;</span>
</code></pre></div></div>

<h3 id="example-3-tight-letter-spacing">Example 3: Tight Letter Spacing</h3>

<div class="language-html highlighter-rouge"><div class="highlight"><pre class="highlight"><code><span class="nt">&lt;p</span> <span class="na">style=</span><span class="s">"letter-spacing: -0.5pt; font-size: 11pt"</span><span class="nt">&gt;</span>
    This text has slightly tighter letter spacing to fit more content.
<span class="nt">&lt;/p&gt;</span>
</code></pre></div></div>

<h3 id="example-4-logo-style-text">Example 4: Logo Style Text</h3>

<div class="language-html highlighter-rouge"><div class="highlight"><pre class="highlight"><code><span class="nt">&lt;div</span> <span class="na">style=</span><span class="s">"letter-spacing: 5pt; font-size: 28pt; font-weight: bold; text-align: center"</span><span class="nt">&gt;</span>
    BRAND NAME
<span class="nt">&lt;/div&gt;</span>
</code></pre></div></div>

<h3 id="example-5-subtitle-with-moderate-spacing">Example 5: Subtitle with Moderate Spacing</h3>

<div class="language-html highlighter-rouge"><div class="highlight"><pre class="highlight"><code><span class="nt">&lt;h2</span> <span class="na">style=</span><span class="s">"letter-spacing: 1.5pt; font-size: 16pt; color: #666; text-transform: uppercase"</span><span class="nt">&gt;</span>
    Chapter One: Introduction
<span class="nt">&lt;/h2&gt;</span>
</code></pre></div></div>

<h3 id="example-6-certificate-header">Example 6: Certificate Header</h3>

<div class="language-html highlighter-rouge"><div class="highlight"><pre class="highlight"><code><span class="nt">&lt;div</span> <span class="na">style=</span><span class="s">"text-align: center; padding: 30pt"</span><span class="nt">&gt;</span>
    <span class="nt">&lt;h1</span> <span class="na">style=</span><span class="s">"letter-spacing: 8pt; font-size: 32pt; font-weight: bold; color: #1e40af"</span><span class="nt">&gt;</span>
        CERTIFICATE
    <span class="nt">&lt;/h1&gt;</span>
    <span class="nt">&lt;p</span> <span class="na">style=</span><span class="s">"letter-spacing: 3pt; font-size: 12pt; color: #666; text-transform: uppercase"</span><span class="nt">&gt;</span>
        Of Achievement
    <span class="nt">&lt;/p&gt;</span>
<span class="nt">&lt;/div&gt;</span>
</code></pre></div></div>

<h3 id="example-7-table-header-with-spacing">Example 7: Table Header with Spacing</h3>

<div class="language-html highlighter-rouge"><div class="highlight"><pre class="highlight"><code><span class="nt">&lt;table</span> <span class="na">style=</span><span class="s">"width: 100%; border-collapse: collapse"</span><span class="nt">&gt;</span>
    <span class="nt">&lt;thead&gt;</span>
        <span class="nt">&lt;tr</span> <span class="na">style=</span><span class="s">"background-color: #1e293b"</span><span class="nt">&gt;</span>
            <span class="nt">&lt;th</span> <span class="na">style=</span><span class="s">"letter-spacing: 1pt; color: white; padding: 10pt; text-transform: uppercase; font-size: 10pt"</span><span class="nt">&gt;</span>
                Product Name
            <span class="nt">&lt;/th&gt;</span>
            <span class="nt">&lt;th</span> <span class="na">style=</span><span class="s">"letter-spacing: 1pt; color: white; padding: 10pt; text-transform: uppercase; font-size: 10pt"</span><span class="nt">&gt;</span>
                Quantity
            <span class="nt">&lt;/th&gt;</span>
            <span class="nt">&lt;th</span> <span class="na">style=</span><span class="s">"letter-spacing: 1pt; color: white; padding: 10pt; text-transform: uppercase; font-size: 10pt"</span><span class="nt">&gt;</span>
                Price
            <span class="nt">&lt;/th&gt;</span>
        <span class="nt">&lt;/tr&gt;</span>
    <span class="nt">&lt;/thead&gt;</span>
    <span class="nt">&lt;tbody&gt;</span>
        <span class="nt">&lt;tr&gt;</span>
            <span class="nt">&lt;td</span> <span class="na">style=</span><span class="s">"padding: 8pt; border-bottom: 1pt solid #e5e7eb"</span><span class="nt">&gt;</span>Widget A<span class="nt">&lt;/td&gt;</span>
            <span class="nt">&lt;td</span> <span class="na">style=</span><span class="s">"padding: 8pt; border-bottom: 1pt solid #e5e7eb; text-align: center"</span><span class="nt">&gt;</span>10<span class="nt">&lt;/td&gt;</span>
            <span class="nt">&lt;td</span> <span class="na">style=</span><span class="s">"padding: 8pt; border-bottom: 1pt solid #e5e7eb; text-align: right"</span><span class="nt">&gt;</span>$29.99<span class="nt">&lt;/td&gt;</span>
        <span class="nt">&lt;/tr&gt;</span>
    <span class="nt">&lt;/tbody&gt;</span>
<span class="nt">&lt;/table&gt;</span>
</code></pre></div></div>

<h3 id="example-8-magazine-style-headline">Example 8: Magazine Style Headline</h3>

<div class="language-html highlighter-rouge"><div class="highlight"><pre class="highlight"><code><span class="nt">&lt;div</span> <span class="na">style=</span><span class="s">"border-left: 4pt solid #dc2626; padding-left: 15pt; margin: 20pt 0"</span><span class="nt">&gt;</span>
    <span class="nt">&lt;h2</span> <span class="na">style=</span><span class="s">"letter-spacing: 2pt; font-size: 22pt; text-transform: uppercase; color: #1e293b"</span><span class="nt">&gt;</span>
        Breaking News
    <span class="nt">&lt;/h2&gt;</span>
    <span class="nt">&lt;p</span> <span class="na">style=</span><span class="s">"letter-spacing: 0.5pt; font-size: 14pt; color: #666; margin-top: 5pt"</span><span class="nt">&gt;</span>
        Major developments in the technology sector
    <span class="nt">&lt;/p&gt;</span>
<span class="nt">&lt;/div&gt;</span>
</code></pre></div></div>

<h3 id="example-9-business-card-layout">Example 9: Business Card Layout</h3>

<div class="language-html highlighter-rouge"><div class="highlight"><pre class="highlight"><code><span class="nt">&lt;div</span> <span class="na">style=</span><span class="s">"border: 2pt solid #1e293b; padding: 30pt; width: 350pt"</span><span class="nt">&gt;</span>
    <span class="nt">&lt;h2</span> <span class="na">style=</span><span class="s">"letter-spacing: 6pt; font-size: 20pt; text-transform: uppercase; color: #1e40af"</span><span class="nt">&gt;</span>
        John Smith
    <span class="nt">&lt;/h2&gt;</span>
    <span class="nt">&lt;p</span> <span class="na">style=</span><span class="s">"letter-spacing: 2pt; font-size: 11pt; text-transform: uppercase; color: #666"</span><span class="nt">&gt;</span>
        Senior Developer
    <span class="nt">&lt;/p&gt;</span>
    <span class="nt">&lt;p</span> <span class="na">style=</span><span class="s">"letter-spacing: normal; font-size: 10pt; margin-top: 15pt"</span><span class="nt">&gt;</span>
        Email: john.smith@example.com<span class="nt">&lt;br/&gt;</span>
        Phone: (555) 123-4567
    <span class="nt">&lt;/p&gt;</span>
<span class="nt">&lt;/div&gt;</span>
</code></pre></div></div>

<h3 id="example-10-quote-with-emphasis">Example 10: Quote with Emphasis</h3>

<div class="language-html highlighter-rouge"><div class="highlight"><pre class="highlight"><code><span class="nt">&lt;div</span> <span class="na">style=</span><span class="s">"text-align: center; padding: 40pt; background-color: #f9fafb"</span><span class="nt">&gt;</span>
    <span class="nt">&lt;p</span> <span class="na">style=</span><span class="s">"letter-spacing: 1pt; font-size: 18pt; font-style: italic; line-height: 1.6; color: #374151"</span><span class="nt">&gt;</span>
        "Design is not just what it looks like and feels like.<span class="nt">&lt;br/&gt;</span>
        Design is how it works."
    <span class="nt">&lt;/p&gt;</span>
    <span class="nt">&lt;p</span> <span class="na">style=</span><span class="s">"letter-spacing: 2pt; font-size: 11pt; text-transform: uppercase; margin-top: 15pt; color: #6b7280"</span><span class="nt">&gt;</span>
        — Steve Jobs
    <span class="nt">&lt;/p&gt;</span>
<span class="nt">&lt;/div&gt;</span>
</code></pre></div></div>

<h3 id="example-11-price-tag-with-spaced-numbers">Example 11: Price Tag with Spaced Numbers</h3>

<div class="language-html highlighter-rouge"><div class="highlight"><pre class="highlight"><code><span class="nt">&lt;div</span> <span class="na">style=</span><span class="s">"text-align: center; padding: 20pt; background-color: #fef2f2; border: 3pt solid #dc2626"</span><span class="nt">&gt;</span>
    <span class="nt">&lt;p</span> <span class="na">style=</span><span class="s">"letter-spacing: 2pt; font-size: 12pt; text-transform: uppercase; color: #991b1b"</span><span class="nt">&gt;</span>
        Limited Offer
    <span class="nt">&lt;/p&gt;</span>
    <span class="nt">&lt;p</span> <span class="na">style=</span><span class="s">"letter-spacing: 3pt; font-size: 48pt; font-weight: bold; color: #dc2626; margin: 15pt 0"</span><span class="nt">&gt;</span>
        $99
    <span class="nt">&lt;/p&gt;</span>
    <span class="nt">&lt;p</span> <span class="na">style=</span><span class="s">"letter-spacing: 1pt; font-size: 10pt; text-transform: uppercase"</span><span class="nt">&gt;</span>
        Regular Price: $149
    <span class="nt">&lt;/p&gt;</span>
<span class="nt">&lt;/div&gt;</span>
</code></pre></div></div>

<h3 id="example-12-document-section-divider">Example 12: Document Section Divider</h3>

<div class="language-html highlighter-rouge"><div class="highlight"><pre class="highlight"><code><span class="nt">&lt;div</span> <span class="na">style=</span><span class="s">"text-align: center; padding: 20pt 0; border-top: 2pt solid #e5e7eb; border-bottom: 2pt solid #e5e7eb; margin: 30pt 0"</span><span class="nt">&gt;</span>
    <span class="nt">&lt;p</span> <span class="na">style=</span><span class="s">"letter-spacing: 5pt; font-size: 14pt; text-transform: uppercase; color: #374151"</span><span class="nt">&gt;</span>
        Section II
    <span class="nt">&lt;/p&gt;</span>
<span class="nt">&lt;/div&gt;</span>
</code></pre></div></div>

<h3 id="example-13-invoice-header">Example 13: Invoice Header</h3>

<div class="language-html highlighter-rouge"><div class="highlight"><pre class="highlight"><code><span class="nt">&lt;div</span> <span class="na">style=</span><span class="s">"padding: 20pt"</span><span class="nt">&gt;</span>
    <span class="nt">&lt;h1</span> <span class="na">style=</span><span class="s">"letter-spacing: 4pt; font-size: 28pt; text-transform: uppercase; color: #1e293b"</span><span class="nt">&gt;</span>
        Invoice
    <span class="nt">&lt;/h1&gt;</span>
    <span class="nt">&lt;div</span> <span class="na">style=</span><span class="s">"letter-spacing: 1pt; font-size: 11pt; color: #666; margin-top: 10pt"</span><span class="nt">&gt;</span>
        <span class="nt">&lt;p&gt;</span>NUMBER: INV-2024-001<span class="nt">&lt;/p&gt;</span>
        <span class="nt">&lt;p&gt;</span>DATE: October 14, 2025<span class="nt">&lt;/p&gt;</span>
    <span class="nt">&lt;/div&gt;</span>
<span class="nt">&lt;/div&gt;</span>
</code></pre></div></div>

<h3 id="example-14-menu-category-headers">Example 14: Menu Category Headers</h3>

<div class="language-html highlighter-rouge"><div class="highlight"><pre class="highlight"><code><span class="nt">&lt;div</span> <span class="na">style=</span><span class="s">"padding: 20pt"</span><span class="nt">&gt;</span>
    <span class="nt">&lt;h3</span> <span class="na">style=</span><span class="s">"letter-spacing: 3pt; font-size: 16pt; text-transform: uppercase; color: #92400e; border-bottom: 2pt solid #92400e; padding-bottom: 5pt"</span><span class="nt">&gt;</span>
        Appetizers
    <span class="nt">&lt;/h3&gt;</span>
    <span class="nt">&lt;p</span> <span class="na">style=</span><span class="s">"letter-spacing: normal; font-size: 11pt; margin-top: 10pt"</span><span class="nt">&gt;</span>
        Spring Rolls - $6.99<span class="nt">&lt;br/&gt;</span>
        Bruschetta - $7.99
    <span class="nt">&lt;/p&gt;</span>

    <span class="nt">&lt;h3</span> <span class="na">style=</span><span class="s">"letter-spacing: 3pt; font-size: 16pt; text-transform: uppercase; color: #92400e; border-bottom: 2pt solid #92400e; padding-bottom: 5pt; margin-top: 25pt"</span><span class="nt">&gt;</span>
        Main Courses
    <span class="nt">&lt;/h3&gt;</span>
    <span class="nt">&lt;p</span> <span class="na">style=</span><span class="s">"letter-spacing: normal; font-size: 11pt; margin-top: 10pt"</span><span class="nt">&gt;</span>
        Grilled Salmon - $18.99<span class="nt">&lt;br/&gt;</span>
        Ribeye Steak - $24.99
    <span class="nt">&lt;/p&gt;</span>
<span class="nt">&lt;/div&gt;</span>
</code></pre></div></div>

<h3 id="example-15-report-cover-page">Example 15: Report Cover Page</h3>

<div class="language-html highlighter-rouge"><div class="highlight"><pre class="highlight"><code><span class="nt">&lt;div</span> <span class="na">style=</span><span class="s">"text-align: center; padding: 100pt 50pt"</span><span class="nt">&gt;</span>
    <span class="nt">&lt;h1</span> <span class="na">style=</span><span class="s">"letter-spacing: 8pt; font-size: 36pt; font-weight: bold; text-transform: uppercase; color: #1e40af; line-height: 1.4"</span><span class="nt">&gt;</span>
        Quarterly<span class="nt">&lt;br/&gt;</span>Financial<span class="nt">&lt;br/&gt;</span>Report
    <span class="nt">&lt;/h1&gt;</span>
    <span class="nt">&lt;div</span> <span class="na">style=</span><span class="s">"margin-top: 50pt"</span><span class="nt">&gt;</span>
        <span class="nt">&lt;p</span> <span class="na">style=</span><span class="s">"letter-spacing: 3pt; font-size: 18pt; text-transform: uppercase; color: #64748b"</span><span class="nt">&gt;</span>
            Q4 2024
        <span class="nt">&lt;/p&gt;</span>
        <span class="nt">&lt;p</span> <span class="na">style=</span><span class="s">"letter-spacing: 1pt; font-size: 12pt; color: #94a3b8; margin-top: 20pt"</span><span class="nt">&gt;</span>
            PREPARED BY FINANCE DEPARTMENT
        <span class="nt">&lt;/p&gt;</span>
    <span class="nt">&lt;/div&gt;</span>
<span class="nt">&lt;/div&gt;</span>
</code></pre></div></div>

<hr />

<h2 id="see-also">See Also</h2>

<ul>
  <li><a href="/reference/cssproperties/word-spacing">word-spacing</a> - Space between words</li>
  <li><a href="/reference/cssproperties/text-align">text-align</a> - Text alignment</li>
  <li><a href="/reference/cssproperties/font-size">font-size</a> - Text size</li>
  <li><a href="/reference/cssproperties/text-transform">text-transform</a> - Text case transformation</li>
  <li><a href="/reference/cssproperties/line-height">line-height</a> - Line spacing</li>
  <li><a href="/reference/htmlattributes/style">style attribute</a> - Inline CSS styles</li>
</ul>

<hr />
</p>
    </article>

    <!-- Accessibility-aware line height -->
    <div style="line-height: ">
        
    </div>

    <!-- Document type-specific spacing -->
    <div style="line-height: ">
        Spacing optimized for document type
    </div>
</body>

Note: Bound line-height values can be unitless numbers (recommended), absolute units (e.g., ‘20pt’), or percentages (e.g., ‘150%’). Unitless values scale proportionally with font-size changes.


Examples

Example 1: Unitless Multiplier

<p style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 1.5">
    Text with 1.5x line height (18pt spacing between baselines)
</p>

Example 2: Double Spacing

<div style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 2">
    Double-spaced text for better readability and note-taking space
</div>

Example 3: Absolute Point Value

<p style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 20pt">
    Text with 20pt line height regardless of font size changes
</p>

Example 4: Tight Line Height

<div style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 1.2">
    Compact text with minimal line spacing
</div>

Example 5: Generous Line Height

<article style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 1.8">
    Article text with generous line spacing for improved readability
    in longer documents and reports.
</article>

Example 6: Em-Based Line Height

<p style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 1.5em">
    Text with line height specified in em units (18pt)
</p>

Example 7: Percentage Line Height

<div style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 150%">
    Text with percentage-based line height (15pt)
</div>

Example 8: Invoice Line Items

<table style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 1.4">
    <tr>
        <td>Product Description</td>
        <td>Quantity</td>
        <td>Price</td>
    </tr>
    <tr>
        <td>Premium Widget Set with extended warranty</td>
        <td>5</td>
        <td>$125.00</td>
    </tr>
</table>

Example 9: Report Paragraph Spacing

<div style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 1.6">
    <p>
        This report presents findings from our quarterly analysis.
        Comfortable line spacing ensures the content is easy to read
        and understand.
    </p>
    <p>
        Key metrics show improvement across all departments with
        particularly strong performance in sales and customer service.
    </p>
</div>

Example 10: Heading with Custom Line Height

<h1 style="font-size: 24pt; line-height: 1.3">
    Annual Report
    2024
</h1>

Example 11: Compact Table Data

<table style="font-size: 9pt; line-height: 1.1">
    <tr><td>Q1</td><td>$125,000</td><td>+15%</td></tr>
    <tr><td>Q2</td><td>$142,000</td><td>+8%</td></tr>
    <tr><td>Q3</td><td>$138,000</td><td>-2%</td></tr>
    <tr><td>Q4</td><td>$155,000</td><td>+12%</td></tr>
</table>

Example 12: Certificate Text

<div style="text-align: center">
    <div style="font-size: 28pt; line-height: 1.2">
        Certificate of Completion
    </div>
    <div style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 2">
        This certifies that
    </div>
    <div style="font-size: 20pt; line-height: 1.5">
        Jane Smith
    </div>
</div>
<footer style="font-size: 8pt; line-height: 1.3">
    <div>Company Name Inc. | 123 Business Street | City, State 12345</div>
    <div>Phone: (555) 123-4567 | Email: info@company.com</div>
    <div>© 2024 All Rights Reserved</div>
</footer>

Example 14: Quote Block with Generous Spacing

<blockquote style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 1.8; font-style: italic">
    "Success is not final, failure is not fatal: it is the courage
    to continue that counts."
</blockquote>

Example 15: Professional Document with Variable Line Heights

<article style="font-family: Georgia, serif">
    <header>
        <h1 style="font-size: 22pt; line-height: 1.2">
            Executive Summary
        </h1>
        <div style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 1.4; font-style: italic">
            Quarterly Business Review - Q4 2024
        </div>
    </header>

    <section style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 1.6">
        <h2 style="font-size: 16pt; line-height: 1.3">
            Financial Performance
        </h2>
        <p>
            This quarter has demonstrated exceptional growth across all
            business units. Total revenue increased by 18% compared to
            the previous quarter, exceeding our projected targets.
        </p>
        <p>
            Key performance indicators show positive trends in customer
            acquisition, retention rates, and average transaction values.
            These metrics suggest sustainable growth patterns for the
            coming fiscal year.
        </p>
    </section>

    <section style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 1.5">
        <h3 style="font-size: 13pt; line-height: 1.3">
            Detailed Metrics
        </h3>
        <table style="line-height: 1.4">
            <tr style="font-weight: bold">
                <td>Metric</td>
                <td>Value</td>
                <td>Change</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
                <td>Revenue</td>
                <td>$2,450,000</td>
                <td>+18%</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
                <td>New Customers</td>
                <td>1,247</td>
                <td>+23%</td>
            </tr>
        </table>
    </section>

    <footer style="font-size: 9pt; line-height: 1.3; border-top: 1pt solid #ccc; padding-top: 10pt">
        <div>Confidential - For Internal Use Only</div>
        <div>Prepared by Finance Department | January 2024</div>
    </footer>
</article>

See Also